window.questions = [
{
    "text": "What practical options does a viticulturist have at his or her disposal to address long term changes in climate in an established vineyard? (2016)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Referencing at least three wine regions, discuss how climate change is influencing grape growers\u2019 viticultural practices. (2018)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Is there an ideal terroir for the production of sparkling wines? (2021)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Temperature is one of the most impactful environmental variables on wine grape growing. How does temperature affect viticulture? (2017)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Assess the role of sunlight in determining grape quality. (2023)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Many factors can affect flowering and fruit set. Examine what effect these might have on quality and yield. (2013)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Labour supply for vineyard work is decreasing in many parts of the world. If this trend continues, how will this affect viticulture, and how can vineyard managers around the world best prepare for, and handle, a shortage of workers? (2017)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Evaluate the principal factors to consider when establishing a vineyard in a marginal climate. (2021)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Your company has acquired a vineyard suitable for high-quality wine production that is currently producing grapes for bulk wine. Indicate what steps you would take to convert it. (2019)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "You are tasked with establishing new vineyard sites to produce Chardonnay in Casablanca in Chile and Champagne in France. What would be your major concerns? (2013)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "How can slopes in vineyards influence grape quality? (2024)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Do the highest potential quality wines come from vines planted on a slope? (2014)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Many wine regions can produce wines at a wide range of price points. Referencing at least two of such regions, compare and contrast methods of managing vineyards for high priced wines and low priced wines. (2018)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Does manual work in the vineyard deliver better quality wine than mechanised alternatives? (2024)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "How might the costs of growing grapes and managing a vineyard affect the price of a bottle of wine? (2015)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Does soil preparation affect the potential yield and quality in a vineyard? (2017)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "How does soil influence wine quality? (2021 S1)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What is the importance of soil pH in viticulture? How can vine growers influence soil pH to obtain quality grapes for winemaking? (2021)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Is the use of cover crops worthwhile in viticulture? (2018)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "To what extent does the geology of a vineyard affect the way it is managed? (2022)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "As a viticulturist, what factors would influence your approach to growing cover crops in a vineyard? (2022)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "When and how does frost pose a risk to grape production? Evaluate the different methods of frost protection available to the grape grower. (2015)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "When and how can hail cause damage at various stages of vine growth? What methods are most effective for preventing or responding to such damage? (2016, 2017 S1)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Assess how drought tolerance can be achieved through viticulture. (2019)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Extreme heat and drought threaten many wine regions. What steps can a vineyard manager take to mitigate their effects? (2023)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "To what extent is excessive precipitation during the growing season a threat in the vineyard? How can it be managed? (2023)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "A viticulturist has observed a decline in vineyard yield over the last five years. Discuss the possible causes and how the issue might be addressed. (2023)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the most relevant pests and diseases today? Describe their effects and how they should be combated. (2013)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the causes of grapevine trunk diseases, such as Esca, and what are the best strategies to combat them? (2015)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Assess the effectiveness of the options available to organic and biodynamic grape growers to control pests and diseases. (2016)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the principal pests and diseases facing vine growers today, and how can they best be managed? (2017)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Identify the most important trunk diseases in vineyards around the world. How can they be best controlled and managed? (2018)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Glyphosate use is coming under increasing scrutiny. Should it be banned in modern viticulture? What are the alternatives? (2022)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Which diseases of the vine are the greatest threat to vineyards around the world today, and why? (2022)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What effects do vineyard pests have on grape quality, and how do grape growers control them? (2022)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Mildews continue to afflict vineyards. What strategies might a vineyard manager employ to reduce the risk? (2019)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the quantitative and qualitative implications of young and old vines? (2014)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Old vines have a mystique to them. What are the practical challenges and solutions to maintaining vineyards of old vines? (2018)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Discuss the current role and potential future use of hybrids in viticulture. (2021, 2022 S1)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "How can viticultural and winemaking techniques influence aromatic compounds in wine? Refer to wines made from Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir. (2014)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Which are the most suitable grape varieties for the production of high quality traditional method sparkling wines, and why? (2015)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Can Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling be successful in the same location? (2016, 2019 S1)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Discuss which vine varieties would be most suitable for the production of dessert wines. Explain your choice with specific reference to any climatic requirements. (2017)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the critical considerations for selecting rootstock when establishing a new vineyard? (2019, 2024 S1)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Evaluate the potential risks and rewards of choosing to plant ungrafted vines. (2023)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "How important is the management of the area between the rows? Consider vineyards in both warm and cool climates. (2014)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Why does density of vine plantation vary from vineyard to vineyard? Assess the advantages of low and high density plantings. (2015)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Compare the main vine training systems used in the following wine regions: Mosel, Alsace, Marlborough, Ch\u00e2teauneuf-du-Pape. (2016)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What is the role of pruning when managing an established vineyard? (2018)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What factors affect the timing of pruning in vineyards around the world? (2022)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Discuss the role of the following factors in the production of high-quality grapes: Aspect, Vine density, Row orientation. (2019)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Are yield restrictions necessary to produce high-quality wine? (2019)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Controlling yields to maintain quality is no longer necessary! Discuss. (2024)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Assess the relative merits of high- and low-density planting in vineyards. (2024)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Examine the role of water management during the growing season in the production of quality wine around the world. (2015 S1)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Water availability is increasingly an issue in some wine producing regions. How can a viticulturist best ensure water sustainability when establishing and managing vineyards in drought-prone regions? (2017)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What nutrients are important to the grapevine for the production of quality grapes, and why? (2015)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What steps can a viticulturist take to provide and maintain proper vine nutrition? (2016)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the causes and effects of nitrogen deficiency in a vineyard? How can it be remedied? (2023)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "It is better to have too few nutrients in vineyard soils than too many. Discuss. (2024)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "Discuss the major factors that impact the timing of harvest in a vineyard. (2021, 2023 S1)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "How can vineyard practices minimise the need for must adjustments in the winery? (2024)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture"
  },
  {
    "text": "To what extent can wineries control the quality of the grapes they purchase? (2021)",
    "category": "P1 Viticulture" },
{
    "text": "Explain the procedures that might be followed in the winery when dealing with rot-degraded fruit. (2019)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "When, how and why should sulphur dioxide be used in winemaking? Are winemakers playing it too safe with sulphur dioxide additions? (2021)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Assess the role of oxygen in the maturation of fortified wine. (2014)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Critically assess the role of oxygen during vinification up to the completion of the malolactic conversion. (2013)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Analyse the options available to producers of high-quality Chardonnay for reducing the risk of premature oxidation in bottle. (2022)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "How can a winemaker manage the impact of oxygen during the winemaking process? (2019)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Examine the pros and cons of skin contact during the winemaking process. (2016)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the options available for pre- and post-fermentation maceration in winemaking? What factors determine their use? (2022)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the winemaker\u2019s options and challenges in colour management for different wine styles? (2016)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Skin contact can last from minutes to months. Assess how varying this technique can influence wine style and quality before, during and after fermentation. (2014) (2016 S1)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Discuss acid adjustment, chaptalisation and dealcoholisation with particular regard to balance in wine. (2015)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Discuss how and why acidity is adjusted in musts and wine. (2024)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Which laboratory analyses should a winemaker carry out prior to alcoholic fermentation, and why? (2023)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Why do winemakers use different fermentation temperatures? Refer to white and red table wines. (2014)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the critical factors (following primary fermentation and possible malolactic conversion) affecting quality in bottle-fermented sparkling wine? (2014)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Examine the importance of temperature control at different stages for the vinification of red wine. (2018 S1)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Temperature management is the key to modern winemaking. Discuss. (2017)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Examine the role of yeast lees during wine maturation. (2022) (2024 S1)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "How, and to what extent, can yeast influence the final style and quality of wines? (2017)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "What contributions do yeasts make to wine, and how far can a winemaker control these? (2015)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Are wild ferments worth the risk? Assess the advantages and disadvantages of choosing not to use cultured yeasts for fermentation. (2023)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "How can a wine\u2019s tannin profile be managed during vinification? (2016) (2023 S1)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Sauvignon Blanc appears in many styles throughout the world. Compare and contrast Sauvignon Blanc winemaking practices around the world. (2017)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Compare and contrast winemaking techniques best employed for Syrah grown in Cornas, McLaren Vale and Hawke\u2019s Bay. (2017)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Examine the advantages and disadvantages of deliberate stem inclusion, or additions, during the winemaking process. (2018)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Compare and contrast winemaking techniques for \u201chigh end\u201d and \u201centry level\u201d Chardonnay in at least two regions. (2018)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the critical winemaking considerations for a producer of inexpensive off-dry still white wines? (2018)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Which winemaking decisions affect the ageing potential of a finished wine? (2018)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "How and to what extent can a winemaker influence the textural profile of a wine? (2018)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "To what extent are winemaking interventions desirable in a small-scale winery producing high-quality, dry red wine? (2021)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Drawing on examples from around the world, demonstrate how a fortified wine\u2019s style is influenced by its production methods. (2015 S1)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "What opportunities exist, as part of the winemaking process, for the winemaker to bring complexity to his or her wine? (2015)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "How can sweetness be achieved in non-fortified wines through viticulture and vinification? (2015)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "What handling procedures could a winemaker implement to make mid-priced still wine from each of the following: (2021) English Chardonnay: potential alcohol 8%; pH 2.8; total acidity 14.5; Barossa Valley Grenache Nair: potential alcohol 16.5%; pH 4.2; total acidity 3.9.",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Evaluate the options available to the winemaker wishing to make wine with a lower level of alcohol. (2019)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Consider the impact of ros\u00e9 winemaking techniques on wine quality. Are paler-coloured ros\u00e9 wines better quality? (2019)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "What options are available to control final sugar levels in wine? (2021)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the key factors for a winemaker to consider when choosing an appropriate fermentation vessel for wine production? (2024)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Compare and contrast the key production methods for the following fortified wines: aged Tawny Port; Bual Madeira; Marsala Superiore; Rutherglen Muscat. (2024)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Outline the techniques a winemaker can use to influence the colour of red wine, considering at least three different styles of wine. (2023)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Explain the methods winemakers use to influence the colour of ros\u00e9 wines. (2023)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "When and why might inert gas be used in still winemaking? (2023)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Compare and contrast winemaking techniques for an early-drinking and an age-worthy Pinot Noir still red wine in a premium region. (2021)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "To what extent, following the malolactic conversion, can clarity and stability in wine be controlled? (2013)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Explain the process of malolactic fermentation in winemaking. How, why and when is it employed? (2022)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Discuss the impact of malolactic fermentation, or its absence, on wine style. (2016)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Handling of wine: Consider micro-oxygenation as an alternative to barrel ageing. (2014)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Consider the advantages and disadvantages of non oak maturation vessels. (2013)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Shape, size and material of a vessel used for fermentation and maturation are important factors in determining style and quality. Discuss with particular reference to Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. (2016)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "With new French oak barrels becoming increasingly expensive, what alternative options and techniques are available to the winemaker wishing to make high-end wines? (2019)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "\u201cBlending can be an art or a science\u201d. What are the main considerations a winemaker must take into account when blending: a) A middle price point red wine AND b) A good quality non-vintage champagne. (2013)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Blending is a useful tool in winemaking. Discuss how, and in what circumstances, a winemaker would choose to employ it. (2024)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Write short notes on how each of the following are managed in a winery: (2015) Juice clarity and turbidity Wine clarification Wine stabilisation",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "\u201cThis wine has been bottled un-fined and unfiltered.\u201d Assess the implications for the winemaker. (2017)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Why would a winemaker choose to filter wine, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of doing so? (2024)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Why and how should wine be stabilised before bottling? (2019 S1)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Describe what a winemaker can do when faced with each of the following situations (2022) Stuck fermentation Undesirable oxidative characters, including mouse taint Early-stage Brettanomyces infection",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Write concise notes on each of the following: (2021) Smoke taint in grapes and wine Volatile acidity Metatartaric acid Spinning cone technology",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "What is Brettanomyces and how can the factors that influence it be controlled? (2024)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Define the effects Botrytis Cinerea can have on wine quality and explain the measures a winery should carry out when both white and red grapes have extensive botrytis infection on entering the winery. (2013)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "It is often noted that some wines are not perfectly clean, and have low levels of potentially faulty aromas, sometimes referred to as \u201cfunky\u201d. How can a winemaker best manage a desirable element of \u201cfunkiness\u201d in his or her wine? (2016)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Write concise notes on four of the following; (2018) Lysozyme Mannoprotein CMC - Carboxymethyl cellulose Copper sulphate Ascorbic acid YAN \u2013 Yeast assimilable nitrogen",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Write concise notes on FOUR of the following; (2013) Hydrogen Sulphide Volatile Acidity Oak chips Carboxy Methyl Cellulose Isinglass",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Write concise notes on four of the following additives: (2023) a. Yeast nutrients b. Oenological tannins c. Bentonite d. Carbon e. Dimethyl dicarbonate",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Why is it important to consider pH during the winemaking process? (2015) (2017 S1)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Why, when and how do enzymes work in the winemaking process? (2013)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "Discuss the roles of enzymes in winemaking. (2017)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "How can a winemaker ensure consistency in a wine's style over a number of years? (2022)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
  {
    "text": "To what extent is it possible for producers of tank method sparkling wines to match the style and quality of wines produced by the traditional method? (2019)",
    "category": "P2 Vinification"
  },
 
{
    "text": "What are the implications of reduced levels of free sulphites at bottling and until the wine reaches the end consumer? (2017)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the implications of reducing levels of sulphur dioxide in the post-malolactic conversion handling and bulk storage of still wine? (2013)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the key factors to consider when drawing up a technical specification for a white dessert wine bottled at source with 150g/l of residual sugar, and an entry-level red wine imported in bulk with 4g/l of residual sugar? (2019)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What is the impact of chemical and physical intervention on the handling of wine following malolactic conversion? (2014)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the benefits and drawbacks of using micro-oxygenation as an alternative to barrel ageing? (2014)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the advantages and disadvantages of earth filtration, pad filtration, membrane filtration, and crossflow filtration for clarifying wine? (2018)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "Why are fining agents required during winemaking, and what factors influence the choice of fining agent? (2014)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the key considerations when deciding whether or not to filter a white wine with 180g/L residual sugar, a ruby port, or a Bourgogne Pinot Noir in preparation for bottling? (2022)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the key considerations in deciding which pre-bottling treatments to use for a vegan wine, an orange wine, an organic wine, and a mass-market, inexpensive wine? (2021) (2022 S1)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "How can protein and tartrate stability in wine be achieved and managed? (2015)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What steps should a winemaker take, in preparation for bottling and at bottling, to prevent microbial spoilage in red and white wines? (2019)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "Should post-maturation wine stabilisation practices be used only on low-end wines? (2022)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "How is stability achieved in an entry-level New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc, a domaine-bottled Meursault, and an Alsace S\u00e9lection de Grains Nobles Riesling? (2023)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What should a winemaker consider when preparing a finished wine for bottling? (2016)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the key technical considerations involved in the choice of final packaging for wine? (2015)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the technical implications of three non-glass packaging options available to a wine producer? (2023)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What factors should influence the choice of wine closures? (2018 S1)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What technical factors influence the choice of a closure for wine bottles? (2018) (2021 S1)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the most common causes of bacterial spoilage in wine, what effect do they each have, and what measures can be used to guard against them? (2016)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "How can pinking in a white wine, phenolic bitterness in a red wine, and high levels of volatile acidity in a full-bodied red wine be prevented or corrected? (2016)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What steps would a wine technician take to confirm raised volatile acidity in a bottled red wine and identify the source of the problem? (2024)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the key issues for storage of wine after packing is complete? (2016)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What is the importance of preservatives in wine, preventing deposits in bottled wine, inert storage, and pre-bottling filtration? (2017)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the risks of storing wine in wooden barrels and how can they be mitigated? (2024)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What precautions should be taken from a quality assurance perspective when transporting wine in bulk? (2015) (2016 S1)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the risks and benefits of each option for bulk transport of wine? (2018)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What technical issues should be considered when changing from bottling still wines at source to shipping them in bulk for bottling in the destination market? (2022)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the main quality control considerations when changing from bottling at source to bottling elsewhere? (2013)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What quality control procedures can be used to trace the origin of a bottle of wine? (2014)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What QA and QC procedures should a winery use to investigate a customer complaint about a piece of glass found in a bottle? (2021)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "Are quality control checks becoming obsolete in highly automated and computer-controlled bottling lines? (2015)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What QA and QC procedures are required between completion of winemaking and start of bulk transport, and after receipt of the wine at destination? (2021)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the most important quality control checks during bottling and why are they necessary? (2017)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What analyses should be carried out pre- and post-bottling to ensure a wine is in good condition and compliant with legal requirements? (2017)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "How does laboratory analysis help the quality control manager make decisions at bottling? (2018)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What pre-bottling treatments and QC analyses are most important for an inexpensive, organic, vegan wine? (2019)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What analysis and labelling requirements must be met to comply with EU law when selling wine in the EU? (2022)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What QA and QC system should a large winery implement to manage dry goods? (2019)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What quality control measures should be considered when filling bag-in-box compared to glass bottles? (2024)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What should a QC manager for a supermarket focus on when auditing bottling procedures for own-label red and white wines? (2023)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the implications of reducing post-fermentation sulphur dioxide additions in wine? (2023)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What are the options available as preservatives for addition to still wine? (2021)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
  {
    "text": "What is the difference between processing aids and ingredients in wine, and how do recent changes to EU labelling law affect consumers? (2024)",
    "category": "P3 Handling of Wine"
  },
 { text: "What have been the most important changes in global wine supply and demand in the past three years and what are their implications? (2018)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "How have the recent fluctuations in grape harvest size changed the global supply and demand of wine? How do you see this affecting the wine market in the next 24 months? (2013)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What would be the implications of a short harvest in 2014 in European vineyards? (2014)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "There is much talk of consolidation in the wine industry, but where is the industry fragmenting and why? Give examples of businesses that are succeeding as a result. (2016)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Is consolidation among wine producers good or bad for consumers? (2015)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Identify and assess the financial considerations when planning an investment in planting a vineyard and building a winery. (2021)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "You inherit the equivalent of US$ 10 million and want to invest in the wine industry. How would you spend your money to attract the greatest return on investment? Explain your logic. (2017)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "How can the role of the intermediaries between producer and on and off-trade retailers be justified? How is it changing? (2013)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "How can the role of the intermediaries between producer and consumer be justified? How is it changing? Use examples from several different wine markets. (2017)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Have supermarkets been a positive or negative force for mainstream wine consumers around the globe? (2015) (2019 S1)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Where are direct to consumer wine sales increasing and why? (2018)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Can small independent wine retailers compete with large chains on price? How else can they compete effectively? (2017) (2022 S1)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Why does a growing number of large retailers prefer to focus on own and exclusive labels over third-party brands? Is this good for the wine category? (2019)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What are the key elements of a successful relationship between a wine producer and their distributor? (2023)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "As sales manager for a small, premium winery, outline your strategy to sell to the on-trade. (2024)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What matters more to consumers in today’s wine market: brand, varietal or appellation? (2013)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "As a large corporation taking over a family wine business, should you keep the family values alive and, if so, how? (2013)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Which factors are the most important for the long term success of a wine brand? (2014)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "As the brand manager of a 500,000 case wine brand, what five key statistics would you most closely monitor to gauge the performance of your brand, and why? (2015) (2021 S1)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "How important are environmental credentials in marketing wine? (2018) (2023 S1)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What matters more to consumers in today’s wine market; brand, varietal or appellation? (2018 S1)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What are the most quantifiable signs that a wine brand is strong? (2016)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What measures determine the strength of a wine brand? How can brand managers most effectively influence their brand's long-term performance? (2022) (2024 S1)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "As a brand owner, what do you feel are the major strategic issues facing today’s wine industry? (2017 S1)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "As the owner of a Bordeaux Classified Growth from the Left Bank, what options are available to you today to present your wine to the market? Evaluate these options from commercial and brand-building standpoints. (2017)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "You are the global brand director for an internationally established, prestige Champagne house. You have an annual marketing budget of five million euros (approximately five million U.S. dollars), not including price promotions, and have been asked to present a three-year brand plan. What are your key areas of focus and expenditure? (2023)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What are the biggest challenges facing wine brand managers looking to create and maintain a loyal customer base in today's competitive market? (2023)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Examine the profitability of various wine packaging formats from both a production and a retail point of view. (2024)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of own-label projects for a medium-sized winery. (2024)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Which are the most attractive markets for premium Italian wines, and why? (2022)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "With reference to Bordeaux and other regions, discuss the commercial viability of the en primeur model. Outline the pros and cons for all parties, from producer through to consumer. (2021)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "As an export manager for a medium sized wine estate, what strategies would you employ in the USA, Europe and China? (2013)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Can Australia recover its export markets? (2014)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "You are Export Director of an established large wine company producing in excess of one million nine litre cases. How would you seek to capitalise on the potential of the growing Chinese market for imported wine? What are the risks and how can they be managed? (2017)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "As export director of a 100,000-case winery in the New World, you have been asked to increase exports from 10% to 25% of total production volume. What are the factors that would be most relevant to your strategy? (2021)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Assess successful approaches to social media by the wine industry. (2015)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "In what ways have social media changed the marketing of wine brands over the past 10 years? (2017)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Can social media drive brand loyalty in the wine category? (2019)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "How has the market transparency facilitated by the internet and social media influenced the supply, demand and pricing of wine? Who benefits? (2021)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "You are a wine producer in Pommard. What are your main marketing strengths? How can you grow your business? (2015)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Which elements of the marketing mix are most effective in influencing the choices made by today’s wine consumers? (2016 S1)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Which emerging wine-producing countries or regions have the best chance of establishing themselves as a significant force on the international wine market, and why? (2022)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "You are the production director of a one million-case winery which aspires to become carbon neutral by the end of the decade. What steps would you take to achieve this objective? (2022)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Outline the challenges and opportunities facing wine producers in California. What is the long-term outlook for this region? (2023)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Evaluate the commercial success of three different styles of rosé wine. (2024)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Do emerging wine regions need international investment to succeed on the global stage? (2024)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Are price promotions bad for the wine industry? (2014) (2015 S1)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "How can a sommelier or restaurant buying manager ensure he/she is delivering good value both to his/her customers and owner? How may sustainable profit in the on-trade be maximised? (2015)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What are the advantages and disadvantages of private-label wines for wineries, distributors and retailers? (2018)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Evaluate the extent to which scarcity/rarity is a positive attribute in wine marketing. (2018)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Who or what are the most important influencers of consumer behaviour in today's world of wine? (2022)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "How close should a producer be to the end consumer? What are the best practical means of creating that relationship? (2014)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "How has the global coronavirus pandemic impacted consumer wine purchasing behaviours? Use examples from at least three significant markets to illustrate your answer. (2022)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "How do wine consumers in mainland China decide what wine to buy and what are the implications of their choices for producers and distributors? (2019)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "There has been a great deal of innovation in packaging design and formats in other alcoholic beverage categories. Why has the wine industry been slow to follow suit? Should it follow? (2018)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Do today’s wine labels do a good job of communicating the most important information to consumers? (2016)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What matters more, what's in the bottle or what's on the bottle? Does the wine industry take packaging seriously? (2014)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "How important is it for wine producers to develop new products? (2021)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Outline key changes in consumer taste preferences over the past decade. Which wine-producing regions have evolved their offer successfully to match these changes? (2021)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Consider the growth in demand for vegan, organic and sustainable wines. What can and should the wine industry be doing in response? (2019)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "How can the fortified wine category evolve to address current consumer trends? (2019)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What are the commercial advantages and disadvantages of packing/bottling wine in the local market of consumption? Is this trend a good thing for the wine industry? (2106)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Assess the role and importance of generic bodies (such as Wine Australia and Wines of Portugal). (2013)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What is a “virtual winery”? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this business model. (2016)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Outline the key changes in the fine wine investment market over the past decade. How do you see this developing over the next ten years? (2019)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Which sectors of the wine industry are doing the most to advance the sustainability agenda? (2023)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Who is making money in the wine industry and why? Discuss in detail three specific examples of profitable wine businesses from different parts of the wine industry supply chain. (2016)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "Which sectors of the wine industry are currently delivering the best return on investment? (2023)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  { text: "What are the financial barriers to success for a new wine producer and how can these be overcome? (2024)", category: "P4 Wine Business" },
  ];